Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018
Kinyoki D., Osgood-Zimmerman AE., Bhattacharjee NV., Schaeffer LE., Lazzar-Atwood A., Lu D., Ewald SB., Donkers KM., Letourneau ID., Collison M., Schipp MF., Abajobir A., Abbasi S., Abbasi N., Abbasifard M., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abd-Elsalam SM., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abraham B., Abreu LG., Abrigo MRM., Abualhasan A., Abu-Gharbieh E., Abushouk AI., Accrombessi MMK., Adabi M., Adebayo OM., Adegbosin AE., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh OO., Adeyinka DA., Adham D., Advani SM., Agasthi P., Aghaali M., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi K., Ahmadi S., Ahmed MB., Aichour MTE., Aji B., Akinyemi OO., Aklilu A., Akunna CJ., Al-Aly Z., Alanzi TM., Alcalde-Rabanal JE., Alemu BW., Alemu A., Alhassan RK., Alif SM., Alipour V., Alizade H., Aljunid SM., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi HM., Al-Raddadi RM., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini S., Amiri F., Amugsi DA., Anber NH., Ancuceanu R., Andrei T., Anegago MT., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Anteneh ZA., Antriyandarti E., Anvari D., Anwer R., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Areri HA., Artaman A., Arzani A., Asaad M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asadi-Pooya AA., Asemahagn MA., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Ashebir MM., Ataro Z., Athari SM., Athari SS., Atout MMW., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla BP., Ayano G., Ayanore MA., Aynalem YA., Ayza MA., Azadmehr A., B D., Babalola TK., Badawi A., Badiye AD., Bahrami MA., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar SM., Banik PC., Baraki AG., Barboza MA., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bayati M., Baye BA., Bazmandegan G., Bedi N., Bekuma TTT., Bell ML., Bensenor IM., Berhe K., Berhe AK., Berhie KA., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta ZA., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Biondi A., Birhanu M., Biswas RK., Bockarie MJ., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Boloor A., Borzouei S., Bragazzi NL., Braithwaite D., Brunoni AR., Burugina Nagaraja S., Butt ZA., Caetano dos Santos FL., Cámera LA., Car J., Cárdenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia JM., Castañeda-Orjuela CA., Castro F., Cevik M., Chanie WF., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu VK., Chaturvedi S., Chen S., Chin KL., Chowdhury MAK., Cook AJ., Costa VM., Cromwell EA., Dachew BA., Dagne H., Dagnew B., Dahiru T., Dahlawi SMA., Dai H., Dai H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Daoud F., Das JK., Das Gupta R., Dash AP., Dávila-Cervantes CA., Davletov K., Deeba F., De Neve J-W., Denova-Gutiérrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Dessie GA., Dey S., Dhimal M., Dhungana GP., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Dipeolu IO., Djalalinia S., Do HT., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Duko B., Duraes AR., Earl L., Edinur HA., Efendi F., Elayedath R., Elema TB., Elhabashy HR., El-Jaafary SI., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elsharkawy A., El-Sherbiny YM., El Tantawi M., Endalew DA., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Fadhil I., Faraon EJA., Fareed M., Faris PS., Farwati M., Farzadfar F., Fasanmi AO., Fattahi N., Fauk NK., Feigin VL., Feleke BE., Fereshtehnejad S-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Foigt NA., Fomenkov AA., Foroutan M., Francis JM., Franklin RC., Freitas M., Fukumoto T., Gad MM., Gaidhane AM., Gayesa RT., Geberemariyam BS., Gebregiorgis BG., Gebremariam H., Gebremariam TBB., Gebremeskel L., Gebremeskel GG., Gebreslassie AA., Geramo YCD., Gesesew HA., Gessner BD., Getacher L., Ghadiri K., Ghaffarifar F., Ghafourifard M., Ghajarzadeh M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gilani SA., Gill TK., Godinho MA., Gona PN., Grada A., Gubari MIM., Gudi N., Guido D., Guled RA., Guo Y., Gupta R., Gupta R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh RR., Handiso DW., Hanif A., Hargono A., Hasaballah AI., Hasan MM., Hasan SS., Hashemian M., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassan A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Hegazy MI., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henry NJ., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Heydarpour S., Hidru HDD., Hoang CL., Holla R., Hon J., Hong SH., Hoogar P., Hosseini SN., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Hotez PJ., Househ M., Huda TM., Huluko DHH., Hussain SA., Hwang B-F., Ilesanmi OS., Ilic IM., Ilic MD., Inbaraj LR., Iqbal U., Islam MM., Islam SMS., Iwu CJ., Iwu CCD., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jahani MA., Jain V., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jalilian F., Janodia MD., Javaheri T., Jha RP., John O., Johnson KB., Jonas JB., Jonnagaddala J., Joseph N., Joshi A., Joukar F., Jozwiak JJ., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahlon T., Kalankesh LR., Kalhor R., Kamath A., Kamiab Z., Kanchan T., Kapil U., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karimi SE., Kasa AS., Kasahun GG., Kassa ZY., Kassa GG., Kassahun G., Kayode GA., Kazemi Karyani A., Keflie TS., Keiyoro PN., Kelkay B., Keramati M., Ketema DB., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan MN., Khan M., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater AM., Khater MM., Khoja AT., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y-E., Kim YJ., Kimokoti RW., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kolola T., Koolivand A., Kosen S., Koul PA., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krishnamoorthy V., Kuate Defo B., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar GA., Kumar N., Kumar P., Kumar M., Kurmi OP., Kusuma D., Lacey B., Lad DP., Lal DK., Lami FH., Landires I., Larsson AO., Lasrado S., Laurens MB., La Vecchia C., Laxmaiah A., Lee PH., Lee SWH., LeGrand KE., Lewycka S., Li B., Li S., Liu X., Lopez JCF., Machado DB., Madhava Kunjathur S., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad DR., Mahasha PW., Maheri M., Mahotra NB., Majeed A., Maled V., Maleki S., Malekzadeh R., Malta DC., Mamun AA., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia MA., Manzar MDD., Marrugo Arnedo CA., Martins-Melo FR., Masaka A., Maulik PK., Mayala BK., Mehari M., Mehndiratta MM., Mehrabi Nasab E., Mehri F., Mehta KM., Meitei WB., Mekonnen T., Meles GG., Melku M., Mendoza W., Menezes RG., Mengesha MB., Mengesha EW., Meretoja TJ., Mersha AM., Metekiya WM., Miazgowski T., Michalek IM., Mini GK., Mir SA., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov EM., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Misra S., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammad Y., Mohammad DK., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadi SM., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed HM., Mohammed S., Mohammed AS., Mohammed S., Mohammed JA., Mohseni Bandpei MA., Mokdad AH., Molassiotis A., Monasta L., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi SM., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mulu GBB., Munir M., Muriithi MK., Murthy GVS., Mustafa G., Nabhan AF., Naderi M., Nagarajan AJ., Nagaraju SP., Naghavi M., Naik G., Naimzada MD., Nangia V., Nansseu JR., Naqvi AA., Nascimento BR., Nayak S., Nayak VC., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi RI., Netsere HB., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri JW., Nguyen CT., Nguyen DN., Nguyen HLT., Nigatu YT., Nikbakhsh R., Nikpoor AR., Nnaji CA., Nong VM., Noubiap JJ., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah VE., Nyanhanda T., Oancea B., Ogbo FA., Oghenetega OB., Oh I-H., Okello DM., Oladnabi M., Olagunju AT., Olusanya JO., Olusanya BO., Bali AO., Omer MO., Omonisi AEE., Onwujekwe OE., Ortiz A., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov SS., Owolabi MO., Mahesh PA., Padubidri JR., Pakhare AP., Pakshir K., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Pandi-Perumal SR., Pangaribuan HU., Pasupula DK., Patel SK., Patel UK., Pathak A., Patton GC., Toroudi HP., Pereira J., Pescarini JM., Pham HQ., Pickering BV., Pirouzpanah S., Pirsaheb M., Pokhrel KN., Postma MJ., Pottoo FH., Pourchamani H., Pourjafar H., Poustchi H., Prada SI., Pribadi DRA., Syed ZQ., Rabiee N., Rafiee A., Rahim F., Rahman MHU., Rahman MA., Rahmani AM., Rai RK., Rajesh A., Ram P., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat CL., Rao SJ., Rao S., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawal L., Rawasia WF., Rawassizadeh R., Regassa LD., Reiner RC., Reshmi B., Rezaei N., Rezahosseini O., Rezapour A., Riahi SM., Ribeiro D., Ribeiro AI., Rickard J., Roba HS., Roever L., Ronfani L., Rostamian M., Rumisha SF., Rwegerera GM., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian MA., Sajadi SM., Salam N., Salem MR., Kafil HS., Santos IS., Santric-Milicevic MM., Saraswathy SYI., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Saxena D., Sbarra AN., Schwebel DC., Senbeta AM., Sengupta D., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou SG., Seylani A., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shahabi S., Shahbaz M., Shahid I., Shaikh MA., Shaka MF., Shalash AS., Shamali M., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi A., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty RS., Shetty BSK., Shetty A., Shiferaw WS., Shigematsu M., Il Shin J., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shivarov V., Siabani S., Malleshappa SKS., Siddiqi TJ., Sidemo NB., Singh BB., Singh S., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin VY., Skryabina AA., Sobhiyeh MR., Soheili A., Soltani S., Sorrie MB., Spurlock EE., Sreeramareddy CT., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan MB., Sultan I., Tabarés-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Taddele BW., Tadesse EG., Taherkhani A., Tamir Z., Tamiru AT., Tareque MI., Tbakhi A., Teame H., Tefera YG., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalegn Y., Tekle MG., Teklehaimanot BF., Temsah M-H., Tesema GA., Thankappan KR., Thomas N., Tiki T., Tilahune AB., Titova MV., Tovani-Palone MR., Tran KB., Tran BX., Tripathi R., Tripathy JP., Truong PN., Uddin R., Ullah A., Umeokonkwo CD., Uneke CJ., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman MS., Vacante M., Vakilian A., Tahbaz SV., Valdez PR., Vasseghian Y., Verma M., Violante FS., Vo B., Wado YD., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang Y-P., Wangdi K., Weldesamuel GT., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wickramasinghe ND., Wiysonge CS., Wonde TE., Wu A-M., Wu C., Xie Y., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari SHY., Yamada T., Yang M., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis TY., Yeshaneh A., Yeshaw Y., Yeshitila YG., Yilma MT., Yip P., Young MF., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yousof H-ASA., Yousuf AY., Yu C., Yu Y., Zafar S., Zaidi SS., Zaidi Z., Zakzuk J., Bin Zaman S., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandifar A., Zangeneh A., Zastrozhin MS., Zastrozhina A., Zewdie DT., Zewdie KA., Zhang Y., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Kassebaum NJ., Hay SI.
AbstractAnemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.